Khmer alphabet Wikipedia. The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script Khmer IPA as kmae 2 is an abugida alphasyllabary script used to write the Khmer language the official language of Cambodia. It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand. It was adapted from the Pallava script, which ultimately descended from the Brahmi script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei District in Tako Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 6. The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of Angkor. Lao Script 8 For Windows 7' title='Lao Script 8 For Windows 7' />The Thai and Lao scripts are descended from an older form of the Khmer script. Ancient Khmer script engraved on stone. Khmer is written from left to right. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are stacked, with the second and occasionally third consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 3. Khmer uses only 3. Each such character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel either or. There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant or consonant cluster. Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. A script is a macro, a list of commands that you can run all at once, and as many times as necessary, allowing you to automate tasks that would take a long time if. Description. Windows 10 Setup Helper for gamers, power users and administrators. W10 Fall Creators Update 7. Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c. BCE. Hieratic 32 c. BCE Demotic 7 c. BCE Meroitic 3 c. BCE ProtoSinaitic 19 c. BCE Ugaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCE. This is a list of typefaces shipped with Windows 3. Windows 10. Typefaces only shipped with Microsoft Office or other Microsoft applications are not included. There are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks. ConsonantseditThere are 3. Khmer consonant symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 3. Each consonant has an inherent vowel or equivalently, each consonant is said to belong to the a series or o series. A consonants series determines the pronunciation of the dependent vowel symbols which may be attached to it, and in some positions the sound of the inherent vowel is itself pronounced. The two series originally represented voiceless and voiced consonants respectively and are still referred to as such in Khmer sound changes during the Middle Khmer period affected vowels following voiceless consonants, and these changes were preserved even though the distinctive voicing was lost see phonation in Khmer. Each consonant, with one exception, also has a subscript form. These may also be called sub consonants the Khmer phrase is cheung ksr, meaning foot of a letter. Most subscript consonants resemble the corresponding consonant symbol, but in a smaller and possibly simplified form, although in a few cases there is no obvious resemblance. Most subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript r appears to the left, while a few others have ascending elements which appear to the right. Subscripts are used in writing consonant clusters consonants pronounced consecutively in a word with no vowel sound between them. Clusters in Khmer normally consist of two consonants, although occasionally in the middle of a word there will be three. The first consonant in a cluster is written using the main consonant symbol, with the second and third, if present attached to it in subscript form. Subscripts were previously also used to write final consonants in modern Khmer this may be done, optionally, in some words ending ng or y, such as ay give. Lao Script 8 For Windows 7' title='Lao Script 8 For Windows 7' />The consonants and their subscript forms are listed in the following table. Usual phonetic values are given using the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA variations are described below the table. The sound system is described in detail at Khmer phonology. The spoken name of each consonant letter is its value together with its inherent vowel. Transliterations are given using the UNGEGN system 5 for other systems see Romanization of Khmer. Consonant. Subscriptform. Full value with inherent vowelConsonant value. IPAUNIPAUNkkkkkkhkkhkkkkkkhkkhngngcchcchcchhcchhcchcchcchhcchhnhnhddtthtthddtthtthnnnntttttthtthtttttthtthnnnnb, pb, ppphpphpppppphpphmmmmjyjyrrrrllllvvObsolete historically used for palatal sObsolete historically used for retroflex ssssshhhhnone6llllThe letter b appears in somewhat modified form e. Ligatures. The letter nh is written without the lower curve when a subscript is added. When it is subscripted to itself, the subscript is a smaller form of the entire letter nhnh. Note that d and t have the same subscript form. In initial clusters this subscript is always pronounced d, but in medial positions it is d in some words and t in others. The series d, th, d, th, n originally represented retroflex consonants in the Indic parent scripts. The second, third and fourth of these are rare, and occur only for etymological reasons in a few Pali and Sanskrit loanwords. Because the sound n is common, and often grammatically productive, in Mon Khmer languages, the fifth of this group,, was adapted as an a series counterpart of n for convenience all other nasal consonants are o series. Variation in pronunciationeditThe aspirated consonant letters kh, chh, th, ph are pronounced with aspiration only before a vowel. There is also slight aspiration with k, ch, t and p sounds before certain consonants, but this is regardless of whether they are spelt with a letter that indicates aspiration. A Khmer word cannot end with more than one consonant, so subscript consonants at the end of words which appear for etymological reasons are not pronounced, although they may come to be pronounced when the same word begins a compound. In some words, a single medial consonant symbol represents both the final consonant of one syllable and the initial consonant of the next. The letter b represents only before a vowel. When final or followed by a subscript consonant, it is pronounced p and in the case where it is followed by a subscript consonant, it is also romanized as p in the UN system. For modification to p by means of a diacritic, see Supplementary consonants. The letter, which represented p in Indic scripts, also often maintains the p sound in certain words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali. The letters d and d are pronounced t when final. The letter t is pronounced d in initial position in a weak syllable ending with a nasal. In final position, letters representing a k sound k, kh are pronounced as a glottal stop after the vowels, a, i,, u,, a, ,. The letter r is silent when final in most dialects see Northern Khmer. The letter s when final is pronounced h which in this position approaches. Laos Wikitravel. Laos. Location. Flag. Quick Facts. Capital. Vientiane. Government Communist state. Currency Kip LAK. Area 2. 36,8. 00kmwater 6,0. Population 6,6. 95,1. July 2. 01. 3 estimate. Language. Lao official, French, English, and various ethnic languages. Religion Buddhist 9. Christian 2. Electricity 2. V, 5. 0Hz European US plugs. Country code 8. 56. Internet TLD. la. Time Zone UTC 7. Laos, officially known as the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Lao PDR, is one of the poorest nations in Southeast Asia. A mountainous and landlocked country, Laos shares borders with Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, Thailand to the west, and Myanmar and China to the north. UnderstandeditWat Chanthabuli, Chanthabuli. Thailand promotes itself as amazing, Vietnam can well be described as bustling, Cambodias Khmer temples are awe inspiring. Laos is forgotten, this is changing fast however, with tourism being the biggest growth sector in Laos with ever rising visitor numbers under its new tourism slogan Simply beautiful. Visitors who are drawn by the laid back lifestyle and the opportunity to watch the sunsets on the Mekong will simply explain the attraction by revealing that the true meaning of Lao PDR is Lao Please Dont Rush. Travelers on a tight budget should be aware that prices here can be several times that of neighboring Thailand. The equivalent distance of that 1. Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai will cost 6. Huay Xai to Luang Namtha. Thai market will cost 5. Laos. 1. 5lt bottled water 1. The list goes on. But you can drown your sorrows for slightly less in Lao. HistoryeditLaos is squeezed between vastly larger neighbours. First created as an entity in 1. Fa Ngum declared himself the king of Lane Xang Million Elephants, the kingdom was initially a Khmer vassal state. After a succession dispute, the kingdom split in three in 1. Siamese, the last fragments agreeing to Siamese protection in 1. The area east of the Mekong, however, was soon wrenched back from Siam by the French, who wanted a buffer state to protect Vietnam, and set up Laos as a unified territory in 1. Briefly occupied by Japan in 1. France wanted to retake its colony. Granted full independence in 1. Communist and North Vietnam allied Pathet Lao struggling to overthrow the French leaning monarchy. During the Vietnam War 1. United States dropped 1. Laos, mostly in the northeast for comparison 2. World War II. In 1. Saigon, the Communist Pathet Lao took control of Vientiane and ended a six century old monarchy. Initial closer ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with a gradual return to private enterprise, an easing of foreign investment laws, and admission into ASEAN in 1. Despite being just one hour by air from the hustle and bustle of Bangkok, life in Laos has continued in much the same way it has for hundreds of years, although things are now slowly beginning to change. In the mid 9. 0s the government reversed its stance on tourism, and then declared 1. Visit Laos Year but despite their efforts and all Laos has to offer, monks still outnumbered tourists throughout the country. This is now rapidly changing, with tourist numbers rising every year. Indeed, Vientiane is a laid back, yet charmingly cosmopolitan village. CultureeditPha That Luang, Vientiane the national symbol of Laos. Despite its small population, Laos has 4. Lao, Khmou and Hmong constitute approximately three quarters of the population. Most tribes are small, with some having just a few hundred members. The ethnic groups are divided into four linguistic branches Lao Tai language represented by 8 tribes, Mone Khmer language with 3. Hmoung Loumien language with 2 tribes and Tibeto Chinese language represented by 7 tribes. Laos is officially Buddhist, and the national symbol, the gilded stupa of Pha That Luang, has replaced the hammer and sickle even on the state seal. Still, there is a good deal of animism mixed in, particularly in the baci also baasi ceremony conducted to bind the 3. Lao custom dictates that women must wear the distinctive phaa sin, a long sarong available in many regional patterns however, many ethnic minorities have their own clothing styles. A Change Is Gonna Come Guitar Cover. The conical Vietnamese style hat is also a common sight. These days men dress Western style and only don the phaa biang sash on ceremonial occasions. Nowadays women often wear Western style clothing, though the phaa sin is still the mandatory attire in government offices not only for those who work there, but also for Lao women just visiting. ClimateeditLaos has three distinct seasons. The hot season is from March to May, when temperatures can soar as high as 4. C. The slightly cooler wet season is from May to October, when temperatures are around 3. C, tropical downpours are frequent especially July August, and, in some years, the Mekong will flood. The dry season from November to March, which has low rainfall and temperatures as low as 1. C or even to zero in the mountains at night, is high season when the most tourists are in the country. However, towards the end of the dry season, the northern parts of Laos basically everything north of Luang Prabang can become very hazy due to farmers burning fields and fires in the forests. RegionseditMap of Laos with regions colour coded. Northern Laos Ban Nalan Trail, Bokeo Nature Reserve, Houay Xai, Houaphan Province, Luang Prabang, Luang Namtha, Muang Ngoi Neua, Muang Long, Muang Ngeun, Muang Xay, Nong Khiaw, Pakbeng, Vieng Phoukhahilltribe villages, mountains and the remarkably charming former capital. Vientiane the still sleepy capital on the banks of the Mekong River. Huay Xai in the north, on the Mekong and the border with Thailand. Luang Namtha capital of the north, known for its trekking. Luang Prabang a UNESCO World Heritage City known for its numerous temples, colonial era architecture, and vibrant night market. Muang Xay also known as Oudomxay, the capital of the multi ethnic province of Oudomxay. Pakbeng halfway point on the overnight slow boat between Huay Xai and Luang Prabang. Pakse gateway to the Wat Phu ruins and the four thousand islands Si Phan DonSavannakhet in the south on the Mekong, connected by bridge to Mukdahan in Thailand. Tha Khaek a popular base for exploring the Phou Hin Boun National Park including the famous Konglor Cave. Other destinationseditBan Nalan Trail a two day ecotourism trekking in the north of Laos. Champasak Wat Phu is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with Angkor style Khmer temples. Nong Khiaw beautiful Karst cliffs where you can discover hilltribe villages, kayak, bike ride or just hang out. Plain of Jars Iron Age cemetery sites located near Phonsavan also one of the main locations to learn about the Secret War. Si Phan Don the four thousand islands are nestled within the Mekong near the Cambodian border. Vang Vieng backpacker hangout for exploring limestone caves and tubing on the Nam Song river. Vieng Xai remote cultural oasis and symbolic cradle of Marxism see the caves where the Pathet Lao leaders ran their operations in defiance of the West. Lao or Laos The people call themselves Lao and the language is Lao, so where did that s come from The answer seems to be a mistranslation from French somebody read royaume des Laos kingdom of the Lao people as royaume de Laos kingdom of Laos, and the name stuck.